Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into adrenal chromaffin-like cells with catecholamine markers, excitability, and Ca2+ signaling.

Martínez-Becerril, H. A., Salazar-Salgado, A., Parada-Parra, Ó. J., & Hernández-Cruz, A. (2026). Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into adrenal chromaffin-like cells with catecholamine markers, excitability, and Ca2+ signaling. STAR Protocols, 7(3), 104832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104832

ABSTRACT

Here, we present a protocol for differentiating human embryonic stem cells into adrenal chromaffin-like cells that express catecholaminergic markers (TH, DβH, PNMT, and CgA) and exhibit excitability and Ca2+ signaling. We describe the key steps for forming embryoid bodies (EBs) and subsequently directing them toward caudal neural commitment via Wnt/TGF-β regulation, followed by neural crest cell specification through BMP2 and FGF2 exposure, differentiation into chromaffin-like cells, and finally extended culture with BMP4 and glucocorticoids for physiological maturation.



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